A new method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA is described. It is similar to the “plus and minus” method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448] but makes use of the 2′,3′-dideoxy and arabinonucleoside analogues of the normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates, which act as specific chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase.
The technique has been applied to the DNA of bacteriophage varphiX174 and is more rapid and more accurate than either the plus or the minus method
Basic local alignment search tool
A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score. Recent mathematical results on the stochastic properties of MSP scores allow an analysis of the performance of this method as well as the statistical significance of alignments it generates.
The basic algorithm is simple and robust; it can be implemented in a number of ways and applied in a variety of contexts including straightforward DNA and protein sequence database searches, motif searches, gene identification searches, and in the analysis of multiple regions of similarity in long DNA sequences. In addition to its flexibility and tractability to mathematical analysis, BLAST is an order of magnitude faster than existing sequence comparison tools of comparable sensitivity
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) ELISA Kit
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Chemokine C-C-Motif Receptor 6 (CCR6) in samples from Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CCR6. Recognizes CCR6 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB; Recommended dilution: WB:1:500-1:2000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CCR6. Recognizes CCR6 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:1000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CCR6. Recognizes CCR6 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:10000, WB:1:1000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: CCR6, also termed CKRL3, encodes a 369-amino acid polypeptide with greatest similarity to the family of alpha-chemokine-binding receptors. Unlike most chemokine receptor genes, it is encoded by more than 1 exon. Weakly expressed as a 4-kb transcript in spleen, lymph nodes, peripheral blood lymphocytes and appendix, CCR6 gene is located at 6q27. As the receptor for MIP-3-alpha, its activation leads to phospholipase C-dependent intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Additionally, CCR6 are markedly upregulated in psoriasis.
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CCR7/CKR7. The antibodies are raised in Rabbit and are from clone E75. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC
PB-CMV-MCS-EF1-GFP cDNA cloning and expression vector
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CCR8/CKR8 (Loop 2). The antibodies are raised in Rabbit and are from clone E77. This antibody is applicable in WB and IF
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CCR8/CKR8 (C-term). The antibodies are raised in Rabbit and are from clone E76. This antibody is applicable in WB and IF
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CCR7/CKR7 (N-term). The antibodies are raised in Rabbit and are from clone Y59. This antibody is applicable in WB, IHC and IF
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CCR3/CKR3 (C-term). The antibodies are raised in Rabbit and are from clone Y31. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC
pCDH-EF1-MCS-T2A-Puro cDNA Cloning and Expression Vector 10 µg
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CCR2 (monoclonal) (M01A). The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 4D12. This antibody is applicable in WB
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human GOK / STIM1 (C-Terminus, clone CDN3H4). The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone CDN3H4. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, ICC, IP
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CCRK (N-term). The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 885CT27.1.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CCR6. Recognizes CCR6 from Human. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CCR6. Recognizes CCR6 from Human. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against CCR6. Recognizes CCR6 from Human. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
The BLAST programs are widely used tools for searching protein and DNA databases for sequence similarities. For protein comparisons, a variety of definitional, algorithmic and statistical refinements described here permits the execution time of the BLAST programs to be decreased substantially while enhancing their sensitivity to weak similarities.
A new criterion for triggering the extension of word hits, combined with a new heuristic for generating gapped alignments, yields a gapped BLAST program that runs at approximately three times the speed of the original. In addition, a method is introduced for automatically combining statistically significant alignments produced by BLAST into a position-specific score matrix, and searching the database using this matrix.
The resulting Position-Specific Iterated BLAST (PSI-BLAST) program runs at approximately the same speed per iteration as gapped BLAST, but in many cases is much more sensitive to weak but biologically relevant sequence similarities. PSI-BLAST is used to uncover several new and interesting members of the BRCT superfamily
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
The BLAST programs are widely used tools for searching protein and DNA databases for sequence similarities. For protein comparisons, a variety of definitional, algorithmic and statistical refinements described here permits the execution time of the BLAST programs to be decreased substantially while enhancing their sensitivity to weak similarities.
A new criterion for triggering the extension of word hits, combined with a new heuristic for generating gapped alignments, yields a gapped BLAST program that runs at approximately three times the speed of the original. In addition, a method is introduced for automatically combining statistically significant alignments produced by BLAST into a position-specific score matrix, and searching the database using this matrix. The resulting Position-Specific Iterated BLAST (PSI-BLAST) program runs at approximately the same speed per iteration as gapped BLAST, but in many cases is much more sensitive to weak but biologically relevant sequence similarities. PSI-BLAST is used to uncover several new and interesting members of the BRCT superfamily
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
BACKGROUND
The enormous amount of short reads generated by the new DNA sequencing technologies call for the development of fast and accurate read alignment programs. A first generation of hash table-based methods has been developed, including MAQ, which is accurate, feature rich and fast enough to align short reads from a single individual.
However, MAQ does not support gapped alignment for single-end reads, which makes it unsuitable for alignment of longer reads where indels may occur frequently. The speed of MAQ is also a concern when the alignment is scaled up to the resequencing of hundreds of individuals.
RESULTS
We implemented Burrows-Wheeler Alignment tool (BWA), a new read alignment package that is based on backward search with Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), to efficiently align short sequencing reads against a large reference sequence such as the human genome, allowing mismatches and gaps.
BWA supports both base space reads, e.g. from Illumina sequencing machines, and color space reads from AB SOLiD machines. Evaluations on both simulated and real data suggest that BWA is approximately 10-20x faster than MAQ, while achieving similar accuracy. In addition, BWA outputs alignment in the new standard SAM (Sequence Alignment/Map) format. Variant calling and other downstream analyses after the alignment can be achieved with the open source SAMtools software package.
BACKGROUND
MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0
We announce the release of the fourth version of MEGA software, which expands on the existing facilities for editing DNA sequence data from autosequencers, mining Web-databases, performing automatic and manual sequence alignment, analyzing sequence alignments to estimate evolutionary distances, inferring phylogenetic trees, and testing evolutionary hypotheses.
Version 4 includes a unique facility to generate captions, written in figure legend format, in order to provide natural language descriptions of the models and methods used in the analyses. This facility aims to promote a better understanding of the underlying assumptions used in analyses, and of the results generated. Another new feature is the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) method for estimating evolutionary distances between all pairs of sequences simultaneously, with and without incorporating rate variation among sites and substitution pattern heterogeneities among lineages.
This MCL method also can be used to estimate transition/transversion bias and nucleotide substitution pattern without knowledge of the phylogenetic tree. This new version is a native 32-bit Windows application with multi-threading and multi-user supports, and it is also available to run in a Linux desktop environment (via the Wine compatibility layer) and on Intel-based Macintosh computers under the Parallels program. The current version of MEGA is available free of charge at (http://www.megasoftware.net).
